聽力教學(xué)論文范文
時(shí)間:2023-03-17 06:59:44
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篇1
[Key Word] listening; middle school; English teaching; barrier; teaching activity designing;
【摘 要】隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,英語作為一種國際通用語在貿(mào)易往來和文化交流過程中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。掌握好英語這種交際工具,對(duì)學(xué)生將來的發(fā)展有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。現(xiàn)代語言教育理論高度重視“聽”在語言學(xué)習(xí)和語言使用中的作用。聽力教學(xué)既是一種語言教學(xué),也是一種技能的培養(yǎng)。在聽,說,讀,寫四項(xiàng)技能中,聽是最基礎(chǔ)的,最重要的技能。它不僅是獲取語言信息的主要途徑,還是提高其他技能的基礎(chǔ)。許多中國學(xué)生認(rèn)為聽力能力的測(cè)試是所有測(cè)試中最難的部分。在本篇論文中,開篇介紹了現(xiàn)在中學(xué)聽力教學(xué)的情況,指出當(dāng)中存在的一些問題,針對(duì)課前的一些較短的時(shí)間設(shè)計(jì)了一些教學(xué)活動(dòng)。然后集中介紹了聽力教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì),強(qiáng)調(diào)聽力教學(xué)活動(dòng)應(yīng)將目光集中在聽力的過程上,而非其結(jié)果上。如何提高學(xué)生英語聽力水平,使他們能取得好的成績,成為廣大初中教師所共同關(guān)注的問題。在英語教學(xué)中,教師如何進(jìn)行聽力教學(xué),精心設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng),如何掌握聽力教學(xué)的各種技巧顯得十分重要。
【關(guān)鍵詞】聽力;初中;英語教學(xué);障礙;設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng)
1. Introduction
It is true that listening, speaking, reading, and writing are four basic skills in language teaching and learning. Developmentally, these skills are acquired in a certain sequence. Listening is essential for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning. But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master. When listening, listeners follow the speaker, thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker, guessing the speaker’s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker’s words. Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one’s daily life. In addition, learners should have the knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. Many learners are afraid of listening, looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak, read and write. Improving listening ability is not in a short time, it is a long time work.
2. Background study
Listening is important in junior students’ English learning. A child first listens for a long time before he is able to speak, so listening plays the first and the most important role in learning a foreign language. Listening is an important means of language. “It is one of the important ways in English language communication. According to Rivers study indications, listening occupies 45% of the whole social interactions. From this, we can see that a good listening can help to improve students’ ability of language understanding. And some statistics show that nearly 50% students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.” [1] ( p1-2) . We must admit that there is no short cut in our life, so as the English learning. It finds that the original initiative to learn listening is very important, which can lead the way to success.
Now have a look at our junior schools. What most teachers do in class is merely to play the recorder and check answers to listening exercises. So most students can hardly learn anything in class, and listening comprehension gives much headache. Hence, in teaching listening comprehension, it is very important for teachers to find the problems students have and suitable ways to solve the problems. English teaching and learning asks for quite some challenges. The challenges are the lack of adequate linguistic environment, the strong interference from their mother tongue, the overcrowded classrooms and the lack of sufficient time for English study on the students' side. And students are having quite a few subjects on hand and shouldering the great task of all-respect full development in schools. And, in many junior school, it is true that Chinese students are not so influent as those in Western countries mainly because they lack self-confidence and they are afraid of making mistakes .In addition, teachers are quite used to the old teaching method, which lays more emphasis on grammar. In order to make themselves understood by all the students, some teachers would explain the grammar rulers or even the texts in Chinese rather than in English in class. Thus, students get fewer opportunities to improve their listening skills.
3. What are the factors influencing the listening comprehension in Chinese middle school classrooms?
Listening is an important mean of language learning. It is one of the significant ways in English language communication. But so many students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult one among all kinds of examinations. Where are their barriers? How to train some tactics for them? That’s what I am going to talk about here.
3.1 The analysis of the reasons for students’ poor listening ability
3.1.1.About the teacher aspect
There is a shortage of English teachers in China. It is usually difficult for English teachers in China to go to English-speaking countries to study or work. Most of them don’t have the experience of going abroad. They have learned their English only in China. So we may say they have certain shortage.
3.1.2.The English environment
The English environment in China is different from other countries e.g. Canada. In China, English is a foreign language (EFL), not a second language (ESL). Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under this condition which is quite different from that such as in the US. For example, Chinese immigrant students in Canada can learn English more quickly than those in China. Why? Because in Canada, English is regarded as their second language. They enjoy a much better English environment as well as have English high motivations. This is what is needed in China. What those students in China need is this authentic language environment which isn’t easy to be created in China.
3.1.3. The learning aspect
Listening comprehension is the summation of hearing and understanding. If you have a better level about English knowledge, you may be capable of understanding very well in listening to the materials, and may have an excellent response to any questions asked by the speakers on the tapes.
(ⅰ)Barriers on Phonetics and Phonology
It is clear that “Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language, and Phonology studies how speech sounds system in a language form pattern.” [2] (p22) English, as a new language for Chinese students, usually appears some problems exactly on Phonetics and Phonology, such as the mistakes on pronunciation, intonation, and all kinds of skills like word stress, sentence stress, motion of sound, assimilation, sound---linking and incomplete explosion, etc. Therefore some basic knowledge about English Phonetics and Phonology will directly influence students’ listening comprehension. So designing activities must be aimed at point. So designing some interesting game is to let students discriminate the different pronunciation. The key point is guiding students to find the difference themselves. For example, most Chinese students find the discrimination of some sounds is a problem in listening comprehension, especially, some vowels. E.g., they can hardly distinguish the words like “sit—sea” and “bed--bad”. In a sentence like “He saw a thief steal into the palace”, steal /sti:l/ is very important in understanding the sentence, but some students just recognize it as still/stil/.
(ⅱ) Barriers on tempo
Tempo means the speed of speaking. It can be controlled by an actor who is good at tongue twisters. Some people enjoy more variation in tempo than others, but everyone has a norm which in characteristic of his usual conversational style. One who tends to use a rapid tempo in everyday speech in English, but Chinese students usually don’t have such a tempo in listening. Although sometimes they can speak very fast, they may not catch up with the materials on normal tempo while they’re listening to a tape, especially to a longer conversation or a passage, that’s their problems. Because they only used to listen to teachers who always read under the average speed in daily life, or used to slow conversations with their partners while practicing oral English, that’s why Chinese students can not suit the need of normal speed listening materials or native speakers. Teachers can help students to form a good sensation. Students can train the tempo through reading, because there are many skills on it. English teachers should take efforts to teach students how to learn some knowledge about sentence stress, rhythm, sound and intonation, etc. So, during in the class, or at the beginning of the class, teacher can design a game or completion about reading. The student who is the winner can give him/her a present. Through insisting on doing so, students’s sensation can be improved.
(ⅲ) Barriers on lexicology and grammar
During the process of listening comprehension, listeners should not only do the exercises of sound recognition, but also learn more vocabulary. If a new word appeared while they’re listening, they’ll find it difficult for them to understand the whole meaning, even some students stop to listen and think about over and over the new word they met before while the material are going on. So does the grammar. Grammar can help us to catch the implication of the vocal sounds, and understand them well, and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension. It gives us a basis for judging when the action happens, who is the operator or supporter? What is the factual evidence? Whether it is the subjunctive mood? Etc. If you don’t have a solid foundation on grammar it’ll directly influence your achieving good results while you are listening.
(ⅳ) Barriers on listening habits
The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the materials. During the listening process, they should try to catch the major content, which’s the key point. But many Chinese students have some bad habits while listening. For example, they always try their best to get the meaning of each words, each sentences. Once they meet a new word or a difficulty sentence, they will stop to think. It is doubtless they can’t catch up with the speed any more. Still some students can’t directly understand materials in English, but with the help of Chinese, experienced the process of a heart translation. These bad habits are the main factors influencing their listening comprehension. In fact, it is unnecessary to know every word, every sentence, only should catch the main idea and grasp the major point, that’s enough. If you concentrate to think, you can’t catch up with the materials, and also that’s why you have no time to attend to the main content, let alone seize the implication of it.
Therefore, it is necessary for the teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the students form good habits. Here are some bad listening habits on Listening, which are paraphrased below.
“(1) A poor listener will/ turnoff his or her ears as soon as he or she decides a listening task is going to be dull.
(2). A poor listener listens to only facts and ignores the ideas, the general picture.
(3). A poor listener will fix his or her eyes on the teacher or blackboard, then relax, or Do some thing else, expecting to get the information out of the tape scripts later.
(4).A poor listener will use very little distraction --footsteps, a door opening or closing, a cough, a dropped book—as an excuse to stop listening to the recording or the teacher.”[3] ( p1-2)
(ⅴ) Barriers on cultural background
Language is a kind of cultural expression. It is necessary for students to know some background about the English-speaking countries, such as the history, culture, customs and habits, even life styles. Many students lack of these kinds of knowledge, no wonder they are always making mistakes about them. For example, if teachers give two pieces of passage for them to understand the former, because Spring Festival is the traditional festival in China, everybody knows it very well, that’s helpful for their understanding, however the latter about the Thanksgiving day, students know little about it, it is not easy for them to understand, even very difficult for them to answer some questions about it. Listeners should base on their background knowledge about the topic and their experience of how talks on such themes are structured (as in the case of listening to news or weather reports) besides their understanding of language forms related to the subject area.
(ⅵ) Barriers on psychological factors
It is very important of students to have a good state while listening. Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language learning, they should pay attention to learn it well at the very beginning.
The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one. Linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness. If students meet some words or sentences they don’t understand by chance, they’ll have the fidgets, even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning. It have placed all sorts of obstacles on the important information invisibly and make them less effective, this lowered the degrees of listening comprehension. On the other hand, eternal links, such as the noise made by inside or outside factors, the quality of the recorders, the loudness and the articulation of the sounds, etc, may all become obstructions influencing the students’ listening well. “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings,and it is an analysis of the language signal perception. The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization .”[4] (p1)
Training and improving students’ ability in listening comprehension should combine daily teaching with following points. First of all, in English class, teachers should try to organize their classes in English, which’s the most effective way, students can concentrate their attention while listening to English. Teachers can also know from the expressions in students’ eyes if they understand. Second, using the first five minutes efficiently before the class, or the revision time, ask students to listen to the radios, television programmers in English. Never be afraid of it. Psychological quality is quite important to do everything, so does listening comprehension.
轉(zhuǎn)貼于 4.How to improve students’ listening ability---designing effective classroom activities
Among the four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing), foreign language learners often complain that listening is the most difficult one to acquire. Teaching listening should focus on process.
There are three stages in listening activities for language learners: pre—listening, while—listening, post—listening, which will discuss in detail as follow:
4.1 Pre—listening activities
“Research points out that listening activity in general should consist of a pre—listening phase, which should make the context for listening explicit, clarify the purposes for listening, and establish goals, procedures and roles for listening. So a pre—listening activity can involve listeners in the following ways:
(1).By posing the tasks before the students listen to the topic, they are given a purpose for listening, which forces them to focus on selected information.
(2).The listener brings an orientation to a listening event. By opening up the topic, it arouses certain expectations and mentally prepares the students for the topic, it may also activate latest knowledge of vocabulary associated with the topic.
(3).Activating learner’s scripts and tuning in their prior knowledge about the topic helps to relate their background knowledge to the topic to be heard, thus enhancing the comprehension and interpretation of the received message.
(4).By brainstorming what they know about the topic before listening, learners will be able to compare what they know with what they are going to hear, and listen selectively.” [5] (p10)
4.1.1 Purpose
No less than in speaking, the listening process means that the learner must be motivated by a communicative purpose .This purpose determines to a large extent what meanings they must listen for and which parts of the text are most important to them. For example, there may be parts where he does not need to understand every detail, but only to listen for the general gist. There may be other parts where a topic of special significant arises, requiring them to listen for more detailed information—for example, so that they can report about the topic to other members of a group. At other times, a task may require them to listen for specific pieces of information distributed throughout the text.
“The activities will be grouped according to the kind of response that the learner must produce:
(1)Performing physical tasks (e.g. selecting pictures)
(2)Transferring information (e.g. into tabular form)
(3)Reformulating and evaluating information” [6] (p67-68)
4.1.2Choose the appropriate materials
Before having the class, teachers must choose and analysis the materials. “Teacher need to listen the tape all the way through .That way, they will be prepared for any problems, noises, accents etc. That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” [7] ( p100) By doing so, the teacher will know the length of the materials, the difficult points and the focus of the materials, so the teacher can decide in advance how to go on with the teaching in class. Of course, it is a demand for teachers if all other courses. But some teachers do believe that they can teach listening course without any preparation so long as they have the tapes and reference books. So some researchers would like to emphasize the importance of preparations for a class: it is the basic need and also a basic insurance of an effective listening teaching. And the role of analyst, which means that teachers should analyze the functional patterns of the language used in the listening materials that students are to hear. The functions of a language can be simply pided into two patterns: the communication of emotion and the conveying of information. Communication of emotion means that the purpose of using a language is mainly for the establishment of harmonious relationship among the participants of social interaction.
4.1.3 Skills
(ⅰ)Prediction.
Research on speech processing and interpretation suggests that the listener’s ability to make intelligent guesses about what will come next plays a crucial role in their understanding of speech, and prediction is regarded by many researchers as on of the most powerful factors in comprehension. Therefore, a good listener is a good predictor. “By helping our students become better predictors, we are helping them become better listeners.”[8] ( p86)
Prediction also involves asking questions and answering them. According to Fisher and Terry active comprehension is process of generating questions while reading and searching for answers to them. Questioning helps to establish the purpose and causes the listener to interact with the speech, confirming or rejecting expectations.
“Penny Ur summarizes five types of cues that listeners depend on for making predictions about continuation of an utterance:
(1) The stock formula of the language, such as clichés, idioms, quotations and proverbs.
(2). Stress on a particular word in the first part of an utterance is often explained or clarified by a comment in the second.
(3). The logical relationship between the first part of an utterance and the second is often signaled by a conjunction.
(4.) There is construction where the speaker proclaims in advance the kind of thing he is going to say.
(5). Rhetorical questions or bold, brief statements, particularly in the negative, are often followed by answers or amplification in the form of reasons, examples or explanations.” [9] (p11)
(ⅱ)Setting the scene
Another type of pre-listening activity is to set the scene for the students, for example: picture, video, TV etc. Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life, because of the lack of context .So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners’ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.
(ⅲ)Listening for the gist
This type of the pre-listening activity is listening for the gist. It is very important to give students practice in this area, because in real life, they can not listen to the materials several times. Therefore, it will be impossible for them to catch all the information, so they need to be fit with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every word. Listening for the gist is familiar with skimming a passage in reading. The key point lays in let students some questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or the mood of the passage. Find whether students can answer the questions even though they can not understand each word or phrase in the passage.
(ⅳ)Listening for specific information
There are situations in real life where they listen only for some specific details and ignore the rest of the entire message. For example, when they listen to the weather report on TV, they are only interested in the temperature in the city where they live or where we plan to go on the holiday, or when they are sitting in a train station or an air port, they do not listen to the details of all the announcements. It is important to expose our students to a variety of type of listening texts for a variety of purpose so that they will develop a variety of listening strategies to use for different situations.
4.2 While - listening activity
This stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control, because this is where a student should pay attention and get the information actively. However, if the teacher can provide a reason, goal, or task for the learner, this should encourage and help students to focus their attention.
In daily class, students must use all aspects of personal listening ability. At the beginning of this article, we have discussed the problems on students’ listening ability.
According to these problems, we must train the comprehensive listening ability in daily time.
Following are some special training
4.2.1 Listen and tick
A large part of what makes a listening task easy or difficult is what the teacher asks the students to do with the materials. If what students all need to do just is tick as they hear them, the task will be much easier. What you need to tick, you can hear them clearly. Because it is quite easy, ticking is very fit for the students who are in grade 7. It can encourage them to listen to the dialogue or passage carefully.
4.2.2 Listen and act
These activities relate to a method of teaching called Total Physical Response, which concentrates on learning language by listening and responding physical to commands or directions. Here is an example:
“Beginning TPR
Procedure:
(1.) Have two students positioned to two chairs.
Commands supporting vocabulary
Stand up fast
slowly
Sit down table chair
Walk
head stomach
Stop
door blackboard
Turn around
Touch
(2)pick two other students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom--- such as book, pencil, paper, desk, floor, teacher—and add to the commands put, place, scratch..
(3)use the following type of commands repeatedly in random order, rotating pairs of students from time to time, until you can see that all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.
For example:
Put the pencil on the book.
Scratch your head.
Scratch your stomach.
Put the paper in the box.
Put your hand on your head.
Place the box on the teacher’s head.
Scratch your head and stomach. ” [10] (p11)
4.2.3 Listen and draw
This is similar to acting out physically, but in this type, the students are drawing picture, diagrams on paper. “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” [11] (p90) One example: one student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English .Neither partner can look at each other’s drawing during the task. After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.
Other way: according to last example.
“Introduce the word draw. This opens up a rich network of things you can ask your students to do. Start very simply with the familiar items that the students have already internalized through TPR.
For example:
Draw a table
Draw a chair
Draw a hand
Draw a box
Draw a hand on a door
Draw a window and a hand and book. ”[12] (p11) 4.3 post --- listening activity
Post--- listening, teachers can determine how well the students have understood what they listened to, but it is important to design the tasks well. “One important point to keep in mind is whether we are testing the students’ listening comprehension or their memory. In fact, in real life, listener can remember the gist of the conversation, but cannot remember exactly what words were said. It is more natural to select and interpret what we hear rather than repeat everything we have heard.” [13] ( p187) .Here are some types of post—listening activity: multiple choice questions, answering questions, note-taking, gap—filling and dictogloss.
“It is important to remember when designing activities not to demand that students remember more details the native-speaker would in a real life, because we do not want our students to get into the habit of thinking that they need to understand and remember.” [14] ( p117)
5. Conclusion
As teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students. “These successes have encouraged teachers to persevere in their efforts to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” [15] ( p290-297)
During the exercitation in middle school, in fact, teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology. Main practice on listening is just about the textbook. For example, GO FOR IT, the book has a small part for training listening. but the listening teaching is limited. It must add some activities. In the listening activities, according to the certain purpose, it can choose different skills: listen and act, listen and draw, and so on. These types of activities can be designed into games, which are popular for students.
Bibliography
1. Ren Xiaoping . Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001 . p1-2
2. 戴煒凍 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English [Z].上海: 上海外語教育出版社 p22
3. Liu Yangchun . How to increase students’ listening comprehension [J].開封教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1996.10. p1-2
4. Zhang Qi . Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J]. 云南教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1996.10. p1
5. Zhao Jianqun . Introducing an interactive component into listening instruction [J].曲靖師專學(xué)報(bào),1993.3. p10
6. William Littlewood .Communicative Language Teaching. [M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.6. p67-68
7. Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English [M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.8. p100
8. 王薔 A course in English language teaching [Z].上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5. p86
9. 同2. p11
10. 同 1. p11
11. 同8. p90
12. 同 1 p11
13. 朱純 外語教育心理學(xué) [Z].上海:上海外語教育出版,1998.3. p187
篇2
教師在選擇高中英語聽力教學(xué)素材時(shí),通產(chǎn)采用學(xué)生教材中的Listining的相關(guān)內(nèi)容對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,而忽視學(xué)生的聽力基礎(chǔ)、認(rèn)知水平以及課堂的相關(guān)教學(xué)目標(biāo)。這種為了完成教學(xué)任務(wù)而進(jìn)行的聽力訓(xùn)練往往無法取得顯著的訓(xùn)練效果。因此,高中英語聽力的教學(xué)在選擇教學(xué)內(nèi)容時(shí),應(yīng)充分考慮學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平、興趣愛好及教學(xué)目標(biāo)。而對(duì)媒體教學(xué)可以通過聲音、視頻、圖像等多種方式,為教師和學(xué)生提供多樣的教學(xué)內(nèi)容。例如,課本中有一課的Listening是講牛頓、愛因斯坦及霍金對(duì)地心引力的不同觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容,這個(gè)聽力資料中涉及了很多相對(duì)論、萬有引力、黑洞等專業(yè)詞匯,學(xué)生一般對(duì)這些詞匯比較陌生,自然聽起來比較困難。教師則可以利用多媒體先把這些詞匯通過圖片或視頻的方式展現(xiàn)給學(xué)生,學(xué)生對(duì)這些難度大的詞匯有了初步了解后,再來聽此片文章就比較容易了。此外,教師還可以通過多媒體播放新概念英語、VOA、奧巴馬演講等與學(xué)生水平相當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容,甚至可以用這些材料取代部分的教材聽力內(nèi)容,以豐富學(xué)生練習(xí)英語聽力的資料。
二、展示聽力原文的背景知識(shí)
學(xué)生要想充分地了解英語聽力材料,對(duì)材料內(nèi)容有準(zhǔn)確、客觀的評(píng)價(jià),就要對(duì)聽力材料的文化背景、生活方式、人物場(chǎng)景、價(jià)值觀念等背景知識(shí)有充分的了解。對(duì)聽力材料的背景知識(shí)有充分的把握后,將會(huì)為理解、判斷提供有力的依據(jù)。在高中英語聽力的教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)該注重對(duì)要聯(lián)系英語聽力的背景知識(shí)的介紹,以充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和主動(dòng)性,幫助他們對(duì)聽力材料有更深入的理解和判斷。例如,在高中英語課本中有一個(gè)Listening是講ChenBin和Joy在討論人們?nèi)绾芜^復(fù)活節(jié)以及復(fù)活節(jié)的由來。如果學(xué)生在練習(xí)此篇聽力前,不能對(duì)有關(guān)復(fù)活節(jié)的相關(guān)知識(shí)有初步的了解,聽起來就比較困難。因此,教師可以利用多媒體將有關(guān)復(fù)活節(jié)的theEsterBunny,Estereggs等內(nèi)容展示各學(xué)生,這樣既能充分激發(fā)學(xué)生練習(xí)聽力的積極性和好奇心,又能促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)聽力材料的理解。
三、提高聽力內(nèi)容的多樣性
1.聽英文歌曲。在高中英語聽力的多媒體教學(xué)過程中,教師可以通過多媒體,利用英文歌曲來提高學(xué)生的聽力能力。教師可以在課堂上,用多媒體的聲音播放器來組織學(xué)生集體聽一些和學(xué)生水平相當(dāng)?shù)挠⑽母枨部梢圆贾脤W(xué)生課后聽,也可以把課前準(zhǔn)備好的歌詞通過屏幕展示給學(xué)生,然學(xué)生邊聽邊填寫空缺的歌詞。比如說,筆者曾經(jīng)在一次英語聽力訓(xùn)練時(shí),就把Troubleisafriend這首英文歌曲的部分歌詞刪除,然后在課堂上給學(xué)生播放這首歌曲,并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生第一遍和第二遍聽寫出空缺的詞匯,第三遍注重聽重讀、連讀、略讀等現(xiàn)象,最后再鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生跟著錄音一起唱。事實(shí)證明,通過聽英文歌曲來訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的英語聽力,更能取得事半功倍的效果。
2.看英文影視劇。練習(xí)英語聽力的最終目的就是能夠在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,自如地應(yīng)用英語這門語言。而英文影視劇就是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中對(duì)英語這門語言最好的應(yīng)用。教師可以在多媒體上播放一些學(xué)生能接受的影視劇,讓他們通過情節(jié)推理的方式,培養(yǎng)良好的英語語感,激發(fā)其學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性和主動(dòng)性。例如,《老友記》這部英文劇,其語速是能被高中生所接受的,教師在課堂上選擇合適的機(jī)會(huì)給學(xué)生播放《老友記》,既能提高學(xué)生聽說英語的能力,又能促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)西方知識(shí)的了解和學(xué)習(xí)。
3.課前聽力訓(xùn)練。聽力能力的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練并不是一蹴而就的,需要長期的、不間斷的訓(xùn)練和堅(jiān)持。教師可以在每節(jié)英語課前都抽出5分鐘的時(shí)間來引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行短期的英語聽力訓(xùn)練。教師可以把一段奧巴馬的演講或VOA的內(nèi)容播放給學(xué)生,一方面鍛煉了學(xué)生的聽力能力,另一方面又幫助學(xué)生拓展了眼界和知識(shí)面。
四、化整為零聽句子
篇3
關(guān)鍵詞:大學(xué)英語教學(xué);聽力焦慮;應(yīng)對(duì)策略
一、引言
Krashen曾指出:“語言學(xué)習(xí)中頭等重要的是聽力理解,聽力訓(xùn)練應(yīng)放在首位。”二語習(xí)得理論指出,學(xué)習(xí)者的情感因素是影響外語學(xué)習(xí)的重要原因。情感因素包括焦慮、抑制和動(dòng)機(jī)等。其中,焦慮被認(rèn)為是阻礙外語學(xué)習(xí)的最大障礙之一。焦慮是一種緊張不安,帶有恐懼感的情緒狀態(tài),是一種經(jīng)歷緊張、擔(dān)憂、煩亂和恐慌等感受的不良狀態(tài)和極力擺脫這種負(fù)面情緒的緊張反應(yīng)(Burger.1997)。而聽力焦慮是外語學(xué)習(xí)過程中所特有的一種復(fù)雜心理現(xiàn)象,是學(xué)習(xí)者因外語學(xué)習(xí)過程的獨(dú)特性而產(chǎn)生的一種與課堂語言學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的自我意識(shí)、信仰、感情以及行為的明顯焦慮情緒(Horwitz.1986)。有研究證實(shí),合理的應(yīng)對(duì)策略在調(diào)節(jié)、干預(yù)學(xué)習(xí)情緒方面具有重要作用(DeAnda.2000)。
二、相關(guān)理論研究
1.有關(guān)焦慮的研究
對(duì)焦慮的研究是學(xué)習(xí)者情感因素研究的重要內(nèi)容。一般認(rèn)為焦慮感是有害的。然而也有人持不同看法,認(rèn)為并不是所有的焦慮感都對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有害。只有適當(dāng)?shù)慕箲]感對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有利,過高和過低都會(huì)妨礙學(xué)習(xí)(Maelntyre,1999)。Brown.認(rèn)為焦慮分為兩種:抑制性焦慮和促進(jìn)性焦慮。前者包括一些妨礙學(xué)習(xí)的不良情緒,如緊張、擔(dān)憂、畏懼等;而后者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)則有一定的積極促進(jìn)作用。本文主要討論前者,即抑制性焦慮對(duì)聽力學(xué)習(xí)所產(chǎn)生的影響。
2.有關(guān)應(yīng)對(duì)策略的研究
應(yīng)對(duì)(coping)過程指人們對(duì)超出自己認(rèn)知范圍極限的認(rèn)知要求所進(jìn)行的認(rèn)知或行為調(diào)控過程,可分三個(gè)階段:(1)初始評(píng)價(jià)階段,(2)繼續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)階段,(3)執(zhí)行應(yīng)對(duì)策略階段。應(yīng)對(duì)策略包括著眼于問題解決的策略和著眼于情緒的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。著眼于問題解決的策略指為消除或減少給自己帶來壓力或負(fù)面影響的事件發(fā)生而采取的行動(dòng)、策略及持有的意念、想法等,比如積極考慮、規(guī)劃下一步的學(xué)習(xí)行為。而著眼于情緒的應(yīng)對(duì)策略指為調(diào)整和減輕某事所帶來的消極或壓抑情緒而采取的行動(dòng)、策略及持有的意念、想法等,如發(fā)泄情緒、放棄學(xué)習(xí)。應(yīng)對(duì)策略在調(diào)節(jié)挫折所帶來的負(fù)面情緒的同時(shí)必然對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)效果造成影響。
目前應(yīng)對(duì)策略研究主要從一般性和特定性兩個(gè)角度入手。然而,學(xué)生不大可能會(huì)按照一貫方式來應(yīng)對(duì)特定情境下的壓力和困難,而是根據(jù)實(shí)際需要制定合適的策略,所以兩者有區(qū)別。本文研究英語聽力學(xué)習(xí)過程中的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,屬特定性研究。
三、非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生聽力焦慮現(xiàn)象分析
為了更客觀直接地了解學(xué)生聽力焦慮現(xiàn)象,筆者采用自行設(shè)計(jì)的問卷調(diào)查法和深度訪談對(duì)濟(jì)寧學(xué)院2009級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)科技和體育教育專業(yè)四個(gè)班的144名學(xué)生的聽力焦慮狀況進(jìn)行了分析。該問卷由12個(gè)題目組成,其中9個(gè)選擇題和3個(gè)開放性問題,該問卷涉及大學(xué)英語課堂的各個(gè)方面,包括課堂氣氛、聽力材料難易程度、學(xué)生的心理承受能力和教師指導(dǎo)與評(píng)價(jià)等。共回收139份有效問卷。問卷由筆者自行設(shè)計(jì),參考了關(guān)于情感、焦慮的一般心理學(xué)量表,并在進(jìn)行試測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了加工。為了盡可能真實(shí)客觀地反映學(xué)生聽力焦慮的情況,筆者在問卷調(diào)查基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)部分學(xué)生進(jìn)行了訪談,要求他們描述聽力課堂上所表現(xiàn)的焦慮癥狀、原因以及減緩焦慮的方法。
調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示:聽力材料的難度的越大學(xué)生越容易產(chǎn)生不自信的心理,由此引發(fā)對(duì)聽力材料的擔(dān)憂和恐懼,進(jìn)而形成焦慮心理,這部分學(xué)生占到61.9%,另有25.7%學(xué)生認(rèn)為聽力材料難度太大,聽不懂,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生抵觸心理,甚至放棄聽力學(xué)習(xí)。從學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)能力和心理素質(zhì)差異來看,學(xué)生各自的英語基礎(chǔ),英語能力,理解能力以及詞匯量的差異也會(huì)使學(xué)生在聽力課堂中的焦慮程度不同。由于這些基礎(chǔ)能力的欠缺而在聽力課堂中產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒的學(xué)生占77.6%。其次由于不自信導(dǎo)致焦慮的學(xué)生占19.2%,由于教師的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)而引起焦慮感的學(xué)生占到10.6%。第三個(gè)方面就是教師和課堂氣氛在學(xué)生焦慮心理的形成中起到很大的影響,大約38.1%的學(xué)生害怕被提問,提問到自己時(shí)會(huì)感到慌亂、焦躁;也有26.1%的學(xué)生贊成老師的提問,認(rèn)為老師的提問可以促使自己保持高度緊張的狀態(tài)從而更加專注地學(xué)習(xí)。有大約57.2%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為老師正面的合理中肯的評(píng)價(jià)、鼓勵(lì)和微笑會(huì)減輕他們的焦慮感。
以上統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示英語聽力課堂上可能導(dǎo)致學(xué)生產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒的原因有很多,主要是聽力材料的難易程度、學(xué)生英語基礎(chǔ)的好壞、學(xué)生自信心的強(qiáng)弱以及包括老師的指導(dǎo)與評(píng)價(jià)在內(nèi)的課堂氣氛等,其中最主要的還是聽力材料的難易程度和英語基礎(chǔ)的好壞。因?yàn)樵诼犃φn堂上,學(xué)生得主要任務(wù)是聽,處于一種相對(duì)被動(dòng)的狀態(tài)。聽的過程稍縱即逝,極其短暫,學(xué)生必須在短時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)所聽到的語言材料進(jìn)行識(shí)別、理解、加工、連接、記憶等一系列的處理,同時(shí)還要不斷喚醒頭腦中積累的知識(shí)以配合所聽的材料。因此學(xué)生在聽力課堂上承受著較大的心理壓力,在聽的過程中需要良好的心理素質(zhì)以及基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),否則使聽力效果大打折扣。至于上面提到的其他因素都是在聽前或是聽后產(chǎn)生作用,間接地影響到學(xué)生的心理,使他們產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒。
四、針對(duì)聽力焦慮的應(yīng)對(duì)策略
1.選擇合適的教材和教學(xué)模式
在教材和教學(xué)模式的選擇中,教師應(yīng)該根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況選擇合理有效的教材和授課方法。課堂上可以采取由淺入深的方法,先準(zhǔn)備一些清楚易懂的材料活躍學(xué)生思維,放松他們的心境,慢慢引導(dǎo)他們接受新的知識(shí)。同時(shí)教師還應(yīng)該講解聽力材料涉及的文化背景知識(shí),促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)聽力材料通篇的理解。
2.加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的英語基本功的訓(xùn)練
要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生英語基本功的訓(xùn)練,不斷擴(kuò)充詞匯量提高理解能力。在進(jìn)行聽力練習(xí)的時(shí)候,要遵循聽單詞-短語-句子這一由簡到難的原則,突出聽辨訓(xùn)練,不僅要聽辨音素、單詞、短語和句子,還要聽辨重讀、弱讀、連讀、同化等。當(dāng)學(xué)生具備一定的詞匯量、語法知識(shí)和較強(qiáng)的聽辨能力時(shí),自然就減少了聽力理解的障礙,聽的時(shí)候就會(huì)有收獲感、成功感,焦慮心理就自然會(huì)緩解。
3.正確評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生的課堂表現(xiàn),幫助學(xué)生樹立自信心
首先,教師應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生知道聽力焦慮是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象,從聽力課的自身的特點(diǎn)和性質(zhì)向?qū)W生解釋,聽力焦慮是一種正常現(xiàn)象。其次,教師要知道自己的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)可以導(dǎo)致學(xué)生焦慮的產(chǎn)生或加劇,過多或不當(dāng)?shù)募m錯(cuò)會(huì)打斷思路、阻礙交流,導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)烈的焦慮感。因此,應(yīng)該為學(xué)生提供一個(gè)比較放松的環(huán)境和氛圍,以積極真誠的態(tài)度對(duì)待學(xué)生。要適當(dāng)?shù)卦试S學(xué)生犯錯(cuò),而非每錯(cuò)必糾。如果對(duì)糾錯(cuò)的時(shí)機(jī)、次數(shù)和方式處理得當(dāng),勢(shì)必會(huì)收到良好的效果。
五、結(jié)語
聽力焦慮情緒在大學(xué)英語課堂普遍存在,過度的焦慮對(duì)聽力效果會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。因此必須緩解聽力教學(xué)中學(xué)生的焦慮心理,要有的放矢地設(shè)計(jì)最輕松有效的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,盡力將焦慮控制在理想范圍內(nèi)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Burger,J.M.Personality[M].Brooks:ColePublishingCompany.1997.
[2]Horwitz,E.K.,Horwitz,M.B.,andCope,J.ForeignLanguageClassroomAnxiety[J].ModernLanguageJournal.1986,
[3]DeAnda,D.SBaroniL.Boskin,L.Buchwald,J.Morgan,J.Ow,J.S.Gold,&R.Weiss.Stress,stressorsandcopingamonghighschoolstudents[J].ChildrenandYouthServicesReview,2000.
[4]Maelntyre,P.D.Languageanxiety:Areviewoftheresearchforlanguageteachers.1999.
篇4
(一)傳統(tǒng)高中英語教學(xué)的弊端
受高考模式的影響,高中的英語教育主要是應(yīng)試教育,傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)重視語法,而忽視聽說能力。而進(jìn)入大學(xué)尤其接觸到社會(huì)的大學(xué)生,卻猛然發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)更加注重的是語言的實(shí)際表達(dá)能力和與人交流的能力,尤其交流能力的高低直接決定自己能否勝任該項(xiàng)工作。而在與人交流的過程中,其首要問題就是能否聽明白對(duì)方在講什么。只有明確理解對(duì)方的態(tài)度、意見,才能有針對(duì)性地提出自己的觀點(diǎn)和應(yīng)答策略。于是,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)縱然英語語法邏輯再嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、英語表達(dá)再準(zhǔn)確,若聽不懂對(duì)方的話那也于事無補(bǔ)。鑒于傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)的缺點(diǎn),教師要闡明英語聽力課的重要性,可以從理論關(guān)系和就業(yè)實(shí)踐兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行剖析。目前,我國大部分大學(xué)都會(huì)組織英語四六級(jí)考試,其中重要的一環(huán)也是英語聽力,四六級(jí)證書也影響著學(xué)生的就業(yè)情況。作為大學(xué)英語教師,要深刻思考如何改變傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)弊端,改變英語聽力課的從屬地位,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情和主動(dòng)性,讓學(xué)生在大學(xué)英語聽力課上投入更多的學(xué)習(xí)精力。
(二)學(xué)生過分依賴教材
大學(xué)英語聽力課的主要目的就是提高學(xué)生的聽力能力,主要就是通過刺激學(xué)生的“耳朵”,讓他們適應(yīng)英語的語速、音調(diào),聽懂里面的內(nèi)容,理解聽力材料要表達(dá)的主旨。然而,由于學(xué)生手里有教科書或文字材料,這就導(dǎo)致學(xué)生不是在用“耳朵”聽,而是在用“眼睛”看,這種“邊看邊聽”的方式就嚴(yán)重減弱了聽力材料對(duì)“耳朵”的刺激,降低了聽力課的教學(xué)效果,甚至把“聽力課”變成了“發(fā)音課”。
(三)聽力學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的缺失
整體來講,目前大學(xué)生缺乏課下自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣,這是目前大學(xué)生普遍存在的問題。當(dāng)今,電腦、手機(jī)、QQ、微信、微博、網(wǎng)購等現(xiàn)代化通訊及購物手段既豐富了學(xué)生的業(yè)余生活也促進(jìn)了同學(xué)間的交流。但同時(shí)這些也嚴(yán)重占用了學(xué)生的業(yè)余學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,甚至個(gè)別同學(xué)在課上也從事這些與學(xué)習(xí)無關(guān)的事情。這就使得學(xué)生沒有養(yǎng)成自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。即使課下進(jìn)行學(xué)多是針對(duì)理論課的學(xué)習(xí),尤其是針對(duì)期末考試的學(xué)習(xí)。部分學(xué)生能夠課下背誦單詞、學(xué)習(xí)句型,但是短時(shí)間內(nèi)效果不能明顯。
二、關(guān)于聽力課訓(xùn)練方法的建議
在聽力課上,教師起到的是主導(dǎo)作用,但教師并非課堂的主角,學(xué)生才是主角。課上如何監(jiān)督學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)是教師的一個(gè)重要職責(zé)。筆者認(rèn)為,聽力課上除了讓學(xué)生通過訓(xùn)練聽懂資料內(nèi)容外,還應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)聽的技巧。根據(jù)訓(xùn)練的重點(diǎn)不同,筆者把聽力材料分為以下幾類進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。
(一)泛聽訓(xùn)練
泛聽訓(xùn)練是指將一段聽力材料從頭到尾不間斷地給學(xué)生播放,根據(jù)內(nèi)容的難易程度可以反復(fù)播送,然后要求學(xué)生總結(jié)出材料的中心思想。這種訓(xùn)練的主要目的是提高學(xué)生快速掌握聽力材料內(nèi)容的能力。在實(shí)際的語言交流中,語言是不間斷的、連續(xù)的“聽力材料”,聽者是在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)被動(dòng)地接受大量的信息。因此,這種鍛煉最接近實(shí)際,對(duì)學(xué)生的訓(xùn)練也最有效。同時(shí),也要求學(xué)生在做這項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練時(shí)必須集中精力,調(diào)動(dòng)全身細(xì)胞來努力聽取材料內(nèi)容。同時(shí),為了提高聽力效果,可在播放材料之前先將個(gè)別較難單詞列給學(xué)生,同時(shí)給學(xué)生提出幾個(gè)相關(guān)問題,讓學(xué)生帶著問題去聽材料。這樣,學(xué)生就會(huì)有針對(duì)性,可以根據(jù)問題在所聽到的材料中尋找相關(guān)信息。
(二)聽寫訓(xùn)練
聽寫訓(xùn)練就是教師朗讀單詞、句子甚至是短文,要求學(xué)生把所聽到的寫下來。這樣做的目的是練習(xí)學(xué)生聽力和用筆捕捉信息的反應(yīng)能力。在英語四六級(jí)考試中,聽力考試材料較難。學(xué)生作為一個(gè)非母語的學(xué)習(xí)者,幾乎不可能把所有信息都記錄下來。這就要求學(xué)生具有迅速抓住要點(diǎn)記錄的能力,所以需要教師在日常教學(xué)中加強(qiáng)這方面的訓(xùn)練,也可將英語四六級(jí)的考試題作為聽力材料來訓(xùn)練。
(三)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練
專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練就是針對(duì)學(xué)生在聽的過程中遇到的某一處或者某幾處難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行專門的訓(xùn)練。目的是幫助學(xué)生解決聽力過程中遇到的某個(gè)有針對(duì)性的問題。例如英語中的數(shù)字的特殊讀法很難掌握、英語復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)律較為復(fù)雜,學(xué)生在平時(shí)的練習(xí)甚至是考試的時(shí)候往往很懼怕這種聽力題的出現(xiàn),一聽到相關(guān)內(nèi)容就會(huì)緊張甚至產(chǎn)生放棄的消極心理。針對(duì)這種情況,為了克服學(xué)生的消極心理,筆者就有針對(duì)性地做一個(gè)專題,把相關(guān)內(nèi)容先做一系統(tǒng)總結(jié),然后把這類聽力題目集中起來統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行聽力訓(xùn)練。必要時(shí)可以把相關(guān)聽力材料發(fā)給學(xué)生,讓其在課下反復(fù)練習(xí),這樣做效果更佳。以上這些只是筆者在日常教學(xué)中的一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)和聽力材料分類方法,除此之外我們還應(yīng)該積極探索提高學(xué)生英語聽力能力的各種教學(xué)方法,把握英語聽力課的教學(xué)改革方向。
三、英語聽力課教學(xué)改革的方向
(一)活用多媒體教學(xué)手段激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣
多媒體技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)促進(jìn)了我們的教學(xué)手段改革,在英語聽力教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,教師利用多媒體技術(shù)編制的教學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)課件,能充分創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)圖文并茂、有聲有色、生動(dòng)逼真的教學(xué)環(huán)境,既能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,也能改變傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)的單調(diào)模式。
(二)利用原版教材資料體會(huì)原汁原味的英語
篇5
在進(jìn)行《水調(diào)歌頭 明月幾時(shí)有》一課時(shí),我就是這樣嘗試的。我在充分挖掘相關(guān)資料的基礎(chǔ)之上,精心的制作課件,大膽的創(chuàng)新授課方式,整節(jié)課不僅課堂氣氛十分活躍,而且充分培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生視讀聽說寫的綜合能力。
首先,在課前,讓學(xué)生對(duì)本節(jié)課進(jìn)行充分的預(yù)習(xí),讓學(xué)生達(dá)到熟練朗讀,程度較好的要求背誦。同時(shí),讓學(xué)生結(jié)合有關(guān)注釋,對(duì)這首詞基本大意有一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的了解。
其次,我利用多媒體課件導(dǎo)入新課。在鄧麗君優(yōu)美動(dòng)聽的《但愿人長久》歌曲聲中導(dǎo)入了本課的學(xué)習(xí)。這首由梁士宏作曲、歌詞就是《水調(diào)歌頭 明月幾時(shí)有》原詞的歌曲,旋律回環(huán)婉轉(zhuǎn),還是首流行歌曲,學(xué)生一下子就被感染了,許多跟著輕聲地哼唱起來。
良好的開端就是成功的一半。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我又出示了第二組課件,關(guān)于對(duì)作者蘇軾的介紹和寫詞時(shí)的背景(重點(diǎn)處我用光筆著重指出)。
這樣一來,不僅節(jié)省了很多時(shí)間,培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生視讀能力。還讓學(xué)生對(duì)作者寫這首詞時(shí)的遭遇、心境有了進(jìn)一步的理解,拉近了時(shí)空,產(chǎn)生了思想上的初步共鳴。
第三,我打開了第三組音頻加動(dòng)畫的朗誦課件。學(xué)生在豐富的視覺享受和聽覺享受上,對(duì)朗誦的技巧有了清楚的了解,他們默默的跟著朗讀起來。并且進(jìn)一步加深了對(duì)詞的意境的感悟。學(xué)生看完后,我不失時(shí)機(jī)的讓學(xué)生以小組為單位討論都領(lǐng)悟到了幾幅畫面,然后進(jìn)行提問,讓學(xué)生有層次的敘述,培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生口頭表達(dá)能力,為學(xué)生對(duì)整首詞的賞析奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
第四,出示第四組課件。這張課件我采用配樂朗讀的形式對(duì)詞作了簡單的賞析。對(duì)主要方面作了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)。
這首詞運(yùn)用行的描述手法,勾勒出一種皓月當(dāng)空、美人千里、孤曠高遠(yuǎn)的境界氛圍,反襯出遺世獨(dú)立的意緒和往昔的神話傳說融合一處,在月的陰晴圓缺當(dāng)中,滲進(jìn)了濃厚的哲學(xué)意味,是一首將自然和社會(huì)高度契合的感喟作品。
上片寫“望月”。尤其注意“我欲乘風(fēng)歸去”一句。為何歸去呢?從作者的思想看來,他受道家影響很深,抱著超然物外的生活態(tài)度,所以常有出世等仙的想法。之所以如此,還有一層原因,那就是他對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的不滿。人世間有太多的不稱心、不如意之事了,迫使詞人幻想擺脫這煩惱人世,到瓊樓玉宇中去過逍遙自在的神仙生活。接下來“又恐瓊樓玉宇,高處不勝寒……何似在人間”幾句,詞人感情忽轉(zhuǎn)急下。寫出了詞人矛盾的心理。此矛盾足能說明作者留戀人世、熱愛生活的思想感情,顯示了詞人開闊的心胸與超遠(yuǎn)豪邁的作風(fēng),也正合他豪放派詞人代表的身份。
下片主要寫“懷人”。由中秋月圓聯(lián)想到了人間的離別,同時(shí)感慨人生的離合無常。“但愿人長久,千里共嬋娟”。一句是人們最美好的心愿。通過音頻視頻配合的賞析,讓學(xué)生充分了解了全詞的意境豪放而曠達(dá),對(duì)明月的向往之情,對(duì)生活的熱愛之情,以及那浪漫的色彩,瀟灑的風(fēng)格和行云流水一般的語言,讓學(xué)生得到了健康的美學(xué)享受。
篇6
鋼琴學(xué)習(xí)者首先應(yīng)該能夠清楚的分辨基本音樂元素,同時(shí),應(yīng)該具備感受基本音樂情緒的能力,其中主要包括音樂風(fēng)格、和聲、音高、節(jié)拍、節(jié)奏等等基本要素。所謂基本音樂情緒主要是指樂曲中存在的怨、哀、怒、喜等各種不同情緒特征。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)音樂主要是為了培養(yǎng)他們的感性音樂思維,不斷提高他們的審美修養(yǎng),如果基于這個(gè)角度分析,對(duì)于每一個(gè)鋼琴學(xué)習(xí)者而言,感受基本音樂情緒是終極目標(biāo)。實(shí)際上,基本分辨能力以及感知能力兩者之間是相輔相成的關(guān)系,如果學(xué)生在分辨基本音樂元素時(shí)越來越敏感,這樣學(xué)生也會(huì)越來越準(zhǔn)確地把握音樂情緒。因此,在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的音樂聽覺能力的過程中,教師應(yīng)該明確聽覺能力訓(xùn)練的最高目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)并提高學(xué)生的對(duì)于音樂情緒的基本感受能力,但是需要注意的是,在訓(xùn)練時(shí)應(yīng)該始終圍繞基本音樂元素展開訓(xùn)練,按照循序漸進(jìn)的原則一個(gè)層次、一個(gè)層次進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。
二、鋼琴聽覺能力訓(xùn)練方法
(一)以通感刺激聽覺敏感
所謂通感也被稱之為“聯(lián)覺”,主要是指相互聯(lián)動(dòng)人的動(dòng)覺以及視覺從而刺激人的聽覺敏感性。音樂實(shí)際上自身存在和動(dòng)覺、視覺相對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。比如,聲音頻率越高的話,往往會(huì)給人更加明亮的感覺,聲音頻率越低的話,往往會(huì)給人一種暗淡的感覺。舒緩的音樂容易使人陷入冥想,自己一個(gè)人陷入沉思;如果是歡快的音樂,很容易帶動(dòng)人的動(dòng)覺,產(chǎn)生手舞足蹈的感覺。初級(jí)鋼琴學(xué)習(xí)者,對(duì)于聯(lián)覺反應(yīng)的敏感度并不高,因此教師應(yīng)該適時(shí)給予相應(yīng)的指導(dǎo),盡可能通過動(dòng)覺形態(tài)以及視覺形象將一些看不到或者摸不著的抽象音響形象將外化聽覺感知進(jìn)行外化,借助聽覺和動(dòng)覺、視覺之間的相互對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系使學(xué)生可以更加直觀的體驗(yàn)到音響的刺激。比如,在學(xué)習(xí)彈奏八分附點(diǎn)節(jié)奏的過程中,剛開始教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生只是在教室里“跑跳步”,嘗試著體驗(yàn)附點(diǎn)節(jié)奏的律動(dòng),讓學(xué)生經(jīng)過身體運(yùn)動(dòng)體驗(yàn)節(jié)奏的傾向性以及動(dòng)力性。
(二)積極創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,激發(fā)學(xué)生的聽覺想象
篇7
倫理道德教育的可行性分析,最后提出在高中語文教學(xué)滲透家庭倫理道德教育的相關(guān)對(duì)策。
關(guān)鍵詞 : 高中語文;語文教學(xué);家庭倫理道德;
一、當(dāng)前高中生家庭倫理道德教育現(xiàn)狀
(一)當(dāng)代高中生家庭倫理道德現(xiàn)狀不容樂觀
隨著我國市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人民生活水平的提高,以及當(dāng)今中學(xué)生多為獨(dú)生子女,父母對(duì)子女的溺愛、嬌慣,導(dǎo)致高消費(fèi)浪潮席卷中學(xué)校園。越來越多的中學(xué)生,特別是城市的孩子們躋身“貴族學(xué)子”的行列,他們飲食消費(fèi)跟著廣告走,服裝消費(fèi)跟著名牌走,娛樂消費(fèi)跟著新潮走,人情消費(fèi)跟著成人走。他們把從父母那里得來的大把大把的鈔票毫不吝惜的擲向商店、酒樓、溜冰場(chǎng)和歌舞廳。高消費(fèi)不但增加了家庭負(fù)擔(dān),而且滋長了校園的奢侈作風(fēng),導(dǎo)致拜金思潮的泛濫,這不但對(duì)學(xué)生的身心健康發(fā)展極為不利,而且還成為青少年犯罪的誘因社會(huì)大環(huán)境的影響下。
當(dāng)今學(xué)生中出現(xiàn)的鋪張浪費(fèi)、不孝敬父母、父母與子女關(guān)系緊張,甚至出現(xiàn)父母殺死自己的子女、或者是子女殺死父母、的違背家庭倫理道德的現(xiàn)象,以及早戀、早孕等,都體現(xiàn)出當(dāng)代學(xué)生普遍缺乏家庭責(zé)任感,因此在對(duì)青少年進(jìn)行家庭倫理道德教育刻不容緩。
(二)家庭倫理道德教育與學(xué)校教育關(guān)系認(rèn)識(shí)上的誤區(qū)
在學(xué)校教育中,家庭倫理道德教育未引起足夠的重視,存在認(rèn)識(shí)上的誤區(qū):主體無關(guān)論。一些人認(rèn)為,家庭倫理道德教育與高中生無關(guān),與高中教育無關(guān)。這種觀點(diǎn)不符合素質(zhì)教育的要求。高中教育應(yīng)該全面提高學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì),尤其是社會(huì)文化素質(zhì),包括家庭倫理道德素質(zhì)。這對(duì)于學(xué)生將來走向社會(huì),推動(dòng)社會(huì)文明進(jìn)步是必不可少的。家庭與社會(huì),家庭倫理道德與社會(huì)公德是密不可分的。家庭倫理道德水平直接影響甚至決定整個(gè)社會(huì)道德水平。
隨著社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,許多陳舊的家庭倫理道德觀念需要我們?nèi)テ瞥S多新的家庭倫理道德現(xiàn)象需要我們研究。條件限制論。一些人認(rèn)為,對(duì)高中生進(jìn)行較家庭倫理道德教育很有必要,但是學(xué)校遠(yuǎn)離家庭,條件限制了這項(xiàng)工作的開展。實(shí)際上,這種認(rèn)識(shí)是片面地,問題的關(guān)鍵是如何有效利用有限的教學(xué)資源,積極進(jìn)行家庭倫理道德教育。高中文科教材蘊(yùn)含著豐富的家庭倫理道德資源,需要教師用心挖掘。
二、高中語文教學(xué)滲透家庭倫理道德教育策略
(一)注重暗示、陶冶的外部因素,潛移默化
在語文教學(xué)中,滲透倫理道德采用暗示教育。首先,要充分發(fā)揮教師在語文教學(xué)中的主導(dǎo)作用,精心設(shè)計(jì)和控制各種暗示信息,使其能有效地服務(wù)于教學(xué)目標(biāo)。使學(xué)生在暗示中潛移默化地進(jìn)入“潤物細(xì)無聲”的教學(xué)境界。教師的言傳身教在語文家庭倫理道德教育教學(xué)中起著重要的示范作用,它具有很大的感染力、說服力,最易激勵(lì)學(xué)生模仿,教師應(yīng)以知傳知、以情傳情、以行導(dǎo)行,取得育德的高效。其次,積極營建暗示教育環(huán)境,讓學(xué)生從教材資源和教學(xué)環(huán)境中獲得家庭倫理道德教育的信息。因?yàn)閮?yōu)美的暗示環(huán)境,能有效地作用于學(xué)生的心靈。比如教學(xué)《我與地壇》,可以充分利用多媒體教學(xué)手段進(jìn)行暗示,讓學(xué)生聽《懂你》這首歌中聯(lián)想到母親在史鐵生身后復(fù)雜而感人畫面,使學(xué)生感受到母愛的深沉和偉大。
在語文教學(xué)中滲透家庭倫理道德教育,不是單純的政治灌輸或道德說教,它是一種人文陶冶,它改造著學(xué)生的意識(shí)與心靈,積淀著價(jià)值規(guī)范,豐富著思想感情,提升著道德質(zhì)量,熔鑄著意志品格,強(qiáng)化著心理精神。文質(zhì)兼美的課文孕育著豐富的育人因素,它們的具體形象又為學(xué)生樂于接受。憑借教材,對(duì)學(xué)生的思想意識(shí)給予有益或良好的影響,是在語文教學(xué)中加強(qiáng)滲透家庭倫理道德教育的必由之路,將會(huì)噴發(fā)巨大的能量。也就是說:教師要準(zhǔn)確把握教學(xué)目標(biāo),善于挖掘教材中的情感因素,努力營建情感氛圍,制造一個(gè)熔鑄精神與靈魂的大“火爐”,把家庭倫理道德教育的內(nèi)容點(diǎn)化出來,呼喚出來,以打動(dòng)學(xué)生的心弦。
(二)和諧共振,雙邊互動(dòng)
語文教學(xué)是教師的教和學(xué)生的學(xué)的統(tǒng)一,是師生共同參與互相配合的雙邊互動(dòng)過程。這里面存在著教師與學(xué)生、教師與教材、學(xué)生與教材之間的矛盾,這三對(duì)矛盾是語文教學(xué)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。語文教學(xué)家庭倫理道德教育滲透要達(dá)到藝術(shù)境界就是要合理地處理它們之間的矛盾,使之漸趨和諧,同處共振狀態(tài)。教師和學(xué)生在一種和諧、融洽的氣氛中,自然而然地達(dá)成家庭倫理道德教育目標(biāo);在一種共振狀態(tài)下,大幅度地提高家庭倫理道德教育實(shí)效。可以認(rèn)為,教師和學(xué)生的和諧共振,是語文教學(xué)家庭倫理道德教育滲透的最佳境界。對(duì)語文教師來說,欲求這種和諧共振境界,最為重要的就是要充分了解教學(xué)對(duì)象,明了學(xué)情,把握學(xué)生思想品德方面的“脈搏”和“頻率”,深入研究教材中的家庭倫理道德教育因素,因人善誘,因勢(shì)利導(dǎo),因材施教。
而且,本人覺得語文教學(xué)中的思想教育,應(yīng)該符合語文教育的特點(diǎn),注重熏陶感染、潛移默化,注重內(nèi)外部因素相結(jié)合,把情感態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀的要求滲透于教學(xué)過程之中。以提高學(xué)生的品德修養(yǎng)和審美情趣,使他們逐步養(yǎng)成良好的個(gè)性和健全的人格,促進(jìn)學(xué)生德、智、體、美的和諧發(fā)展。這種方式,對(duì)家庭倫理道德教育滲透來說,是極其自然地突出了重點(diǎn),有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一了課文的文學(xué)性和思想性,最終達(dá)到作品與學(xué)生心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴的效果。
三、結(jié)論
總之,由于本人水平有限,本研究還存在著很多不足之處,對(duì)有些問題的分析還不夠全面、深入,有些對(duì)策也值得進(jìn)一步推敲,敬請(qǐng)各位專家學(xué)者給予批評(píng)指正,以利于我在以后的研究工作中進(jìn)一步完善。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]楊韶剛.道德教育心理學(xué)[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2007:116-127
篇8
關(guān)鍵詞:高校英語教學(xué) 聽力教學(xué) 問題 對(duì)策
自從中國成功加入世貿(mào)之后,中國也加快了全球化的步伐,與全球其他國家的聯(lián)系越來越緊密,英語作為國際通用語言,其重要性變得越來越明顯。同時(shí),英語教學(xué)應(yīng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的應(yīng)用型能力,這也加大了聽力教學(xué)的重要性。然后,在高校英語聽力教學(xué)中,仍然存在這諸多問題,怎樣解決這些問題并提高英語聽力教學(xué)成為當(dāng)今英語聽力教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵。
一、聽力教學(xué)中存在的問題
1.教學(xué)方法單一
高校英語教學(xué)中存在的主要問題之一是教學(xué)方法比較單一。教師多數(shù)是通過播放教材上音頻的方式進(jìn)行授課,而學(xué)生也是被動(dòng)的聽,完成書上內(nèi)容。這種傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式的確有一定優(yōu)點(diǎn),例如可以通過這種強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練達(dá)到應(yīng)試教育的目的,但是在現(xiàn)今社會(huì),這種教學(xué)方法已經(jīng)不能滿足社會(huì)需求了。這種教學(xué)方法不但使學(xué)生無法掌握真正聽力技能,也扼殺了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
2. 考核方式不恰當(dāng)
高校英語專業(yè)聽力教學(xué)的另一問題是考核方式的不恰當(dāng)。雖然聽力教材已經(jīng)在很大程度上做到循序漸進(jìn)的培養(yǎng)學(xué)生聽力能力,但是由于考核方式過于單一,不能使學(xué)生培養(yǎng)實(shí)用性較高的聽力能力。學(xué)生還在受應(yīng)試教育思想的影響,在聽力過程中刻意記下答案。學(xué)生也會(huì)認(rèn)為聽力課的目的就是通過期末考試,只要記住教材上問題答案,就能通過考試,這打消了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性。
3. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容的單一
聽力課堂中教師使用材料的單一也是問題之一。雖然教材可以在很大程度上提高學(xué)生的聽力能力,但是教材中材料的語調(diào),語速等等和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活有很大差別。因此,單一使用教材會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中出現(xiàn)根本聽不懂的情況,達(dá)不到培養(yǎng)復(fù)合型和應(yīng)用型人才的目的,因此教師可以在初期使用教材,在教學(xué)中后期,應(yīng)該豐富課堂內(nèi)容,這也可以提高學(xué)生的積極性。
二、聽力教學(xué)的提高策略
1. 采用“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)方法
“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)方法因其獨(dú)特優(yōu)點(diǎn),越來越受歡迎。聽力教學(xué)中也應(yīng)適當(dāng)加入“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)方法。例如,教師要明確學(xué)生的宏觀目標(biāo),也就是提高聽力能力。但是同時(shí),在每一節(jié)聽力課上,首先教師應(yīng)明確向?qū)W生提出具體學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。例如,聽懂新聞,經(jīng)濟(jì),生活,娛樂等等。“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)方法提倡在實(shí)際情景下的語言交流,能有效提高學(xué)生解決實(shí)際問題的能力,并使學(xué)生體會(huì)到合作的重要性以及完成任務(wù)后的滿足感。在“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)方法下,學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)以及課堂的主體,教師負(fù)責(zé)分配任務(wù)。
2. 改革考核模式
與我國大學(xué)不同,國外大學(xué)不像我們這樣重視期末開始,原因是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)課程時(shí)完成了相關(guān)任務(wù),例如論文,項(xiàng)目,討論等等,或參加了相關(guān)考試。教師通過學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)本門課程過程中完成任務(wù)的情況了解了學(xué)生對(duì)課程知識(shí)的掌握和努力情況,給學(xué)生一個(gè)更公平的考核,這也有利于學(xué)生在整個(gè)過程中重視本門課程,培養(yǎng)相關(guān)能力,這是單一期末考試的考核方式所達(dá)不到的。因此,在聽力教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)能豐富考核模式,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性,改掉學(xué)生的死記硬背的習(xí)慣。例如可以在學(xué)期間組織多次不同形式的小考,把學(xué)生的作業(yè)成績以及課堂表現(xiàn)納入到期末成績中去。
同時(shí)教師也應(yīng)豐富作業(yè)模式,對(duì)作業(yè)形式進(jìn)行改革。例如可以移交選擇權(quán)。這里的選擇權(quán)指的是學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的選擇權(quán),即給學(xué)生布置聽力作業(yè)時(shí),以學(xué)生的興趣為出發(fā)點(diǎn),給學(xué)生提供多種多樣的選擇空間,讓他們能夠并且愿意為自己的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)責(zé);教師也可以豐富作業(yè)形式。
3. 豐富教學(xué)內(nèi)容,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣
興趣是最好的老師,是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的最大動(dòng)力,因此教師應(yīng)在英語聽力教學(xué)中考慮興趣的重要性,使學(xué)生擺脫考試的巨大壓力,而因自己有興趣而主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí),開始享受聽力課。這就需要老師不斷激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。而對(duì)于聽力課,想要激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣就要豐富教學(xué)內(nèi)容,而不能只是拘泥于課本。因此教師應(yīng)注重使用輔助工具來豐富課堂內(nèi)容。教師可以選擇一些符合學(xué)生興趣點(diǎn),接近生活的文章,來抓住學(xué)生的注意力。使學(xué)生培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)主動(dòng)性,并養(yǎng)成好的習(xí)慣。例如,教師可以選擇TED演講,名人演講以及電影來豐富學(xué)生聽力內(nèi)容。英語原聲電影是非常有價(jià)值的聽力影像材料來源,英語原聲電影為學(xué)生打造出身臨其境的語言環(huán)境,是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)地道語言的語素及語用、了解目的語國家的文化外延及內(nèi)涵、提高跨文化交際及語言運(yùn)用能力的一條佳徑。因此,電影教學(xué)彌補(bǔ)聽力教學(xué)中資源不足,對(duì)課堂英語聽力教學(xué)起到了推進(jìn)作用。總之,教師要在教學(xué)中注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,不斷豐富教學(xué)內(nèi)容,使學(xué)生喜歡上聽力課。
英語的五項(xiàng)基本技能“聽、說、讀、寫、譯”,聽力排在首位,可見聽力的重要性,然而聽力學(xué)習(xí)卻是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。在本文中,作者介紹當(dāng)今高校英語聽力教學(xué)中存在的問題,并結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了提高英語聽力教學(xué)的方法。近些年。我國很多高校也在對(duì)英語聽力教學(xué)進(jìn)行著很多探索,聽力教學(xué)已經(jīng)得到了很大提高,很多院校開始注重學(xué)生實(shí)際聽力能力的提高,注重為培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用型英語人才服務(wù)。總之,作為高校英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn),教師應(yīng)當(dāng)想盡辦法提高教學(xué)方法和能力,并學(xué)會(huì)在不同社會(huì)環(huán)境下采取適合的教學(xué)方法,不斷探索新的教學(xué)方法,進(jìn)而更好的提高學(xué)生的英語聽力綜合能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
蔡鴻雁. 高校高專英語聽力教學(xué)中存在的問題及對(duì)策[J]. 山東省農(nóng)業(yè)管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2011 (5) .
蔣祖康. 學(xué)習(xí)策略與聽力的關(guān)系--中國英語本科學(xué)生素質(zhì)調(diào)查分析報(bào)告之一[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,1994, ( 1):51-58.
田坷. 目前我國大學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)[J]. 西江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2000.
篇9
論文關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語學(xué)法指導(dǎo)
很多學(xué)生總是覺得英語學(xué)習(xí)難,甚至相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)生放棄了要學(xué)好英語的決心。因此,英語教師不僅要讓學(xué)生掌握怎樣學(xué)會(huì)英語,更重要的是要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何會(huì)學(xué)英語。教學(xué)是一個(gè)雙邊活動(dòng)的過程,教師不僅要研究教法、學(xué)法,更要重視對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方法的指導(dǎo),因?yàn)?ldquo;授人以魚,供一飯之需;教人以漁,則終身受用不盡”。
1、必須有正確的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和信心。
1.1學(xué)好英語沒有捷徑可走。要真正掌握英語。就要勤學(xué)苦練,從膽大、皮厚、破嘴、爛筆頭做起。“膽大”是指在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中膽子要大.不怕出錯(cuò)。“皮厚”是指臉皮要厚,說英語說錯(cuò)了也不怕別人笑話。我們都是從不斷糾錯(cuò)中成長的。“破嘴”是指在說英語或讀英語的時(shí)候.一定要張開嘴巴大聲地、清楚地、快速地說,看見單詞或短語應(yīng)該讀準(zhǔn)確、讀正確。“爛筆頭”是指在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中應(yīng)該把老師口述的例子和知識(shí)點(diǎn)選擇重點(diǎn)的記錄下來.沒有那個(gè)天才能夠聽課時(shí)過耳不忘。要勤于整理和歸納有規(guī)律性的東西并及時(shí)記下來。
1.2人貴有志,學(xué)貴有恒。學(xué)習(xí)英語是長期積累的過程.這個(gè)過程一定要有恒心。要日積月累,付出長期的努力中學(xué)英語教學(xué)論文,堅(jiān)持和積累是學(xué)好英語的法寶。要不怕困難.咬牙堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)論文提綱格式。一定能出成果。
2、弄清和掌握各學(xué)年度的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。
初一階段:初一是小學(xué)到初中學(xué)習(xí)生活的過渡階段,是語音語調(diào)定型的階段,要多聽磁帶、多模仿,模仿英、美人的語音語調(diào),但不必一味追求洋腔洋調(diào)。重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在發(fā)音正確,吐字清楚, 表達(dá)自然。例如,可以把自己想說的話錄下來,然后再放出來自己聽。其次,要注意書寫的規(guī)范。按格式、按筆順,整齊規(guī)范地練好英語書寫,對(duì)初一學(xué)生也是非常重要的。
初二階段:進(jìn)入初二以后,隨著英語知識(shí)不斷加深、難度不斷加大,同學(xué)們普遍覺得英語越來越難學(xué)了。成績較好的學(xué)生的成績難以達(dá)到初一的高分境界,中下等學(xué)生的畏難情緒逐漸明顯,兩極分化逐漸形成。針對(duì)這些情況,剛進(jìn)入初二年級(jí)的學(xué)生,在英語學(xué)習(xí)上應(yīng)該作出一些策略性的調(diào)整。其中最主要的,就是要加強(qiáng)閱讀量。在聽、說、寫、讀四項(xiàng)基本技能中,閱讀是關(guān)鍵,應(yīng)該大量閱讀簡寫文學(xué)名著和其他簡易讀物,培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語的感性認(rèn)識(shí),了解英語社會(huì)的文化背景知識(shí),如果把自己感興趣的文章背下來,那對(duì)以后寫地道的英語會(huì)有很大的好處。對(duì)于初中級(jí)英語學(xué)習(xí)者,我特別推薦英語簡易讀物,讀的材料要淺易,故事性要強(qiáng)中學(xué)英語教學(xué)論文,讀的速度盡可能快一些,讀的越多越好,這是學(xué)好英語屢試不爽的一個(gè)好辦法。
初三階段:很多人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為,初三就是復(fù)習(xí)迎考,實(shí)際上,過早的準(zhǔn)備初三下學(xué)期的中考沒有意義,因?yàn)閭淇嫉膶?shí)質(zhì)是復(fù)習(xí)已學(xué)知識(shí)和研究考試技巧,因此在還沒有掌握大量的英語知識(shí)之前何談“復(fù)習(xí)”,又如何“復(fù)習(xí)”呢?所以過早的備考是徒有虛名的;另外,過早的備戰(zhàn)中考會(huì)侵蝕甚至磨滅自己對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,從而喪失能真正提高自身英語水平的很多機(jī)會(huì)。人在備考和學(xué)習(xí)中的心態(tài)是迥異的:備考的心是功利的,一心想著如何戰(zhàn)勝試題,博取高分,其他的都變得并不重要了;而學(xué)習(xí)的心是開放的,它接受自己喜歡的知識(shí),也因此迎來了進(jìn)步的機(jī)會(huì)。再者,過長的備考狀態(tài)反而不利于考試。考試的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間一般以半年時(shí)間為宜,長于這個(gè)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,人就會(huì)很自然的對(duì)這門考試產(chǎn)生厭煩情緒和抗拒甚至逃避心理了。
初三階段的學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)注意些什么呢?第一提高英語的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力,尤其應(yīng)注重英語口語和聽力的提高。到了初三,課程安排日益緊湊,各科復(fù)習(xí)的任務(wù)也越來越重,學(xué)生會(huì)覺得越來越難找機(jī)會(huì)練習(xí)口語。中考改革的種種跡象表明,初中學(xué)生的英語能知道多少不是最重要的,能用上多少才是最重要的。學(xué)習(xí)英語語言,就要學(xué)習(xí)西方文化。事實(shí)已經(jīng)證明,掌握更多英語國家文化的學(xué)生,在英語成績和大小考試中表現(xiàn)更優(yōu)越。了解了更多的文化背景中學(xué)英語教學(xué)論文,在閱讀英語文段,聽對(duì)話或短文和在語法題中體驗(yàn)語境都有非常明顯的幫助。
3、積極聽課。
要聽好每一節(jié)課,關(guān)鍵是提高聽課的注意力。那么上課時(shí)如何集中精力呢?上課時(shí),應(yīng)該圍繞著所學(xué)內(nèi)容,積極思考。要做到積極思考就要做到專心聽講。上課不要去苦心思索上節(jié)課沒有解決的問題,而是要集中精力學(xué)好本節(jié)的內(nèi)容,否則就會(huì)造成惡性循環(huán)。
3.1要以理解為主。聽講的目的,就是要聽懂老師講解的內(nèi)容。有些學(xué)生聽講時(shí)分不清主次體,結(jié)果抓住了芝麻,卻丟掉了西瓜。課堂上聽是主體,原則是先聽清楚再思考,思考懂了再做筆記,不要只顧思考和做筆記而忘記了聽講或顧不上聽講。
3.2要有比較地聽講。聽課中,要把自己在預(yù)習(xí)自學(xué)中的理解,和老師講解的相比較,看自己和老師有哪些相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別點(diǎn)論文提綱格式。通過這種比較,肯定會(huì)讓你加深理解。
3.3要細(xì)心領(lǐng)會(huì)老師所講的第一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。在細(xì)節(jié)上看老師是怎樣思考、分析、判斷和處理。越是細(xì)小的重要細(xì)節(jié),就越能學(xué)習(xí)到更多的知識(shí)。
3.4要積極的回答問題。老師的提問往往是教材中的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)或需要引起特別注意的地方,要快速思考、積極發(fā)言。在別的同學(xué)回答問題時(shí),也要精力集中,邊聽邊分析正誤,留心不完善的或有錯(cuò)的地方,隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備補(bǔ)充和糾正。上課不僅僅是老師向?qū)W生單方面?zhèn)鬟f知識(shí)的過程,而且是老師和學(xué)生相互交流信息的過程。其中的主要形式之一,就是老師提問,學(xué)生回答。這樣做,一方面可調(diào)動(dòng)大家的積極性,啟發(fā)大家思考中學(xué)英語教學(xué)論文,提高聽課效率;另一方面還能鍛煉同學(xué)們的語言表達(dá)能力和大腦的快速反應(yīng)能力,將被動(dòng)的聽課變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)的參與。因此,你可不要失去這樣的好機(jī)會(huì)!要隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備積極發(fā)言。
大家普遍感到英語單詞難記,或許你也會(huì)有這樣的感覺:如果你把很多的單詞分出來單個(gè)背的時(shí)候,很快就容易記住,但忘的速度卻比記的速度要快。所以,在課堂上一定要注意聽老師講記憶單詞的方法。如合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)義方法;單詞辨異;拼讀規(guī)則;同義歸類、同音歸類、同義詞反義詞歸類;動(dòng)詞過去式、過去分詞的變化規(guī)律歸類進(jìn)行記憶。還有一種方法就是像學(xué)習(xí)我們自己的母語一樣,通過文章和句子來學(xué)習(xí)單詞。這也是一種非常有效的學(xué)習(xí)英語的方法,當(dāng)然適不適合你,只有你試過之后才能知道。
搞好學(xué)法指導(dǎo)工作是老師第一重要的事情,教師只有指導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法去學(xué)習(xí),才能充分調(diào)動(dòng)他們的積極性,才能充分發(fā)揮他們的智力,調(diào)動(dòng)認(rèn)識(shí)能力,挖掘潛力,提高學(xué)習(xí)效率,獲得最佳學(xué)習(xí)效果。
篇10
第二語言寫作中語言不得體現(xiàn)象成因探析
母語閱讀能力和外語水平對(duì)外語閱讀的影響
三種高中英語教材的對(duì)比分析
高中生外語焦慮源及其關(guān)系的個(gè)案研究
高中英語教師教材使用情況調(diào)查
高中生英語閱讀現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查
高中生英語學(xué)習(xí)元認(rèn)知策略使用情況研究
小組合作學(xué)習(xí)在中學(xué)英語閱讀教學(xué)中的實(shí)踐
高中英語課堂的三步增量法
英語教學(xué)中多媒體的使用問題例析
小學(xué)英語語篇教學(xué)中文本再構(gòu)的實(shí)踐
高考英語任務(wù)型閱讀試題評(píng)析
小學(xué)英語閱讀教學(xué)的問題與思考
新課程下初高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的過渡問題
初中英語自主閱讀教學(xué)探究
論中學(xué)英語教師的自主發(fā)展
說課
評(píng)課
“我與‘新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)’的故事”征文大賽通知
第六屆“新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)杯”基礎(chǔ)英語教育教學(xué)論文大賽通知
語法教學(xué)的理論與原則
英語課堂任務(wù)的內(nèi)涵、特征、類型及設(shè)計(jì)
在中學(xué)英語課堂實(shí)施任務(wù)型教學(xué)的意義
學(xué)習(xí)策略訓(xùn)練對(duì)聽力元認(rèn)知意識(shí)的影響
教學(xué)時(shí)間分配與英語寫作錯(cuò)誤分布的關(guān)系
初中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格調(diào)查研究
詞塊策略在高中英語寫作教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用
空白理論在初中英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
小學(xué)英語學(xué)困生的預(yù)防與轉(zhuǎn)化
通過設(shè)立“英語日”提高學(xué)生口語能力的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中的問題及對(duì)策
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《基礎(chǔ)英語教育》——一個(gè)展示英語教科研動(dòng)態(tài)與成果的良好平臺(tái)
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聽力教學(xué)論文 聽力實(shí)訓(xùn)總結(jié) 聽力考試 聽力 聽力水平 聽力訓(xùn)練 聽力教學(xué) 聽力考題 心理培訓(xùn) 人文科學(xué)概論
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